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Economy of scope: This refers to the efficiencies primarily associated with demand-side changes, such as increasing or decreasing the scope of marketing and distribution, of different types of products.

The M&A deal structure is extremely important, as it essentially outlines how the deal will generate value for all parties involved.

Dealmakers have responded to these challenges by doing what they do best—assess the myriad of factors which influence a deal and consider how they impact value.

Payment by cash. Such transactions are usually termed acquisitions rather than mergers because the shareholders of the target company are removed from the picture and the target comes under the (indirect) control of the bidder's shareholders. Stock[edit]

Although it is not always properly acknowledged, there is always some aspect of government or regulatory - active or passive - involved in M&A transactions, regardless of the size of the companies involved.

Detailed knowledge exchange and integrations are difficult when the acquired firm is large and high performing.

relative valuation: the price paid per dollar of earnings or revenue is based on the same multiple for comparable companies and / or recent comparable transactions

Improper documentation and changing implicit knowledge makes it difficult to share information during acquisition.

Manager's hubris: manager's overconfidence about expected synergies from M&A which results in overpayment for the target company.[22] The effect of manager's overconfidence on M&A has been shown to hold both for CEOs[23] and board directors.

A consolidated merger is a merger in which an entirely new legal company is formed through combining the acquiring and target company.

Vertical integration: Vertical integration occurs when an upstream and downstream firm merge (or one acquires the other). There are several reasons for this to occur. One reason is to internalise an externality problem. A common example of such an externality is double marginalization. Double marginalization occurs when both the upstream and downstream firms have monopoly power and each firm reduces output from the competitive level to the monopoly level, creating two deadweight losses.

Payment in the form of the acquiring company's stock, issued to the shareholders of the acquired company at a given ratio proportional to the valuation of the latter. They receive stock in the company that is purchasing the smaller subsidiary. See Stock swap, Swap ratio. Financing options[edit]

Starting in the fifth merger wave (1992–1998) and continuing today, companies are more likely to acquire in the same business, or close to it, firms that complement and strengthen an acquirer's capacity to serve customers.

These aquisição key structures present specific advantages and disadvantages for stakeholders and must be considered carefully.